The design with 3D grooves increased the contacting area with ice and snow and improved the grasp force.

The pattern design with continuous pattern in the tire cap effectively increased the rigidity of the pattern, the slant fine and wave grooves ensures better stability of

steerability.

The design with directional V-Shape grooves enhances the flowing of water and snow in the grooves, which can effectively drainage the snow and wa ter and

provides better traction and grasp force in the snow/icy road.

The optimized designarrangement of stud hole increases the grasp force on snow/icy road and reduced the noise, providing better steerability and traction force on snow/icy road.